Separated skin and L3–L5 dorsal horn specimens from all rats were processed using a western blotting protocol described previously [9 (link)], using antibodies against the following proteins: COX-2 (#12282, 1:1000 dilution; Cell Signaling), iNOS (ab15323, 1:1000; Abcam), nNOS (ab76067, 1:1000; Abcam), Akt/protein kinase B (#4685, 1:1000; Cell Signaling), p-Akt (#4060, 1:1000; Cell Signaling), B-cell lymphoma 2 (ab59348, Bcl-2; 1:1000; Abcam), Bcl-2-associated X protein (50599-2-Ig, Bax; 1:1000; Proteintech Group, Chicago, IL, USA), β-actin (A5441, 1:20000; Sigma-Aldrich), LC3B (1:1000; Cell Signaling) and Beclin 1 (#2775, 1:1000; Cell Signaling). The membranes were visualized by Bio-Rad ChemiDoc MP and band intensity was quantitated by Quantity One 1-D Analysis software (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA).
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