The carbon source degradation products were detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. Briefly, samples (0.2 mL) were loaded onto a pre-coated silica gel-60 TLC aluminum plate (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). After being developed with a solvent system consisting of formic acid/n-butanol/water (6:4:1, v:v:v), the plate was soaked in orcinol reagent (Sigma-Aldrich Co., LLC., St. Louis, MO, USA) and visualized at 120 °C for 1 min [8 (link)]. The scanned TLC profiles were analyzed by Quantity One (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) and the amounts of carbon source in each sample were quantified. Degradation rates were calculated as the percentage of total amounts at 0 h subtracted from those at 24 h after fermentation.
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