Total RNA was isolated from LV tissue using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen), and cDNA was synthesized from 1 µg RNA using the iScript™ cDNA Synthesis kit (BioRad). Relative levels of mRNA transcripts for atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), TNF, interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-2, and MMP-9 were quantified by real-time PCR using SYBR® Green (Applied Biosystems). Data were normalized to GAPDH expression using the CT comparative method [14 (link)]. Primer pairs are listed in Supplemental Table 1.