Unloaded CM shortening was assessed optically, as described previously [14 (link)]. Briefly, contractions were triggered by field stimulation, as described above, at room temperature. CM were imaged using an inverted microscope with a 40× air objective using phase contrast (Leica DM IRBE microscope; Leica Microsystems, Vienna, Austria). Sarcomere shortening dynamics were quantified using the IonWizard 6.6 software package (IonOptix, Westwood, MA, USA). CM with a resting sarcomere length (SL) shorter than 1.65 µm were excluded from the analyses.
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