Ninety participants (53 women and 37 men) were enrolled in this study between April and December 2022. The inclusion criteria were: (1) age 18–85 years, (2) written consent and (3) mental condition that enabled a one-year retrospective dietary interview. The exclusion criteria were: (1) age <18 or >85 years, (2) lack of written consent, (3) abnormal mental condition, (4) pregnancy and (5) special diet due to health reasons.
The food-frequency questionnaire dedicated to one-year specific flavonol intake assessment was administered to the participants [15 (link)]. The questionnaire gathered information about the mean consumption of 140 flavonol sources during the preceding year. The full questionnaire is available as supplementary material [15 (link)]. The selected flavonols were the four most widespread in food sources according to the USDA database [16 ]. The suggested portions of the products were based on typical servings in everyday life (e.g., one piece, a glass) and described for the participants by a suggested serving (e.g., a piece, a glass) and a weight in grams. The participants were asked to provide a frequency of selected product consumption (never or almost never, once a month, few times a month with a number of times per month given by the responder, once a week, few times a week with a number of times per week given by the responder, once a day, few times every day with a number of times per day given by the responder). The amounts of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and myricetin in each product were based on the data available in the USDA database [16 ]. On the basis of this information, the mean daily consumption of each product and flavonol was calculated for each participant. Total flavonol intake was calculated by adding the values of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and myricetin. The daily intake of each compound was expressed relative to body mass. The patient’s weight was measured with 0.05 kg accuracy by a trained professional. The patient was permitted to wear only underwear for this measurement. The information about the mean daily intake of flavonol sources was also derived from the above-described questionnaire [15 (link)].
The fasting glucose, lipid profile and creatinine level were assessed in venous blood. The patients were not allowed to eat for 12 h before the test. The blood samples were gathered by a trained nurse. The samples for glucose tests were gathered with dedicated probes (EDTA + sodium fluoride) and then measured using the enzyme (hexokinase) method with a Cobas Pro (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) analyzer. The lipid profile test samples were gathered with dedicated probes (heparinized) and then performed using colorimetric enzyme assays with a Cobas Pro (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) analyzer. Creatinine samples were gathered with dedicated probes (heparinized) and then measured using a colorimetric test based on the Jaffe method with a Cobas Pro (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) analyzer.
The food-frequency questionnaire dedicated to one-year specific flavonol intake assessment was administered to the participants [15 (link)]. The questionnaire gathered information about the mean consumption of 140 flavonol sources during the preceding year. The full questionnaire is available as supplementary material [15 (link)]. The selected flavonols were the four most widespread in food sources according to the USDA database [16 ]. The suggested portions of the products were based on typical servings in everyday life (e.g., one piece, a glass) and described for the participants by a suggested serving (e.g., a piece, a glass) and a weight in grams. The participants were asked to provide a frequency of selected product consumption (never or almost never, once a month, few times a month with a number of times per month given by the responder, once a week, few times a week with a number of times per week given by the responder, once a day, few times every day with a number of times per day given by the responder). The amounts of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and myricetin in each product were based on the data available in the USDA database [16 ]. On the basis of this information, the mean daily consumption of each product and flavonol was calculated for each participant. Total flavonol intake was calculated by adding the values of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and myricetin. The daily intake of each compound was expressed relative to body mass. The patient’s weight was measured with 0.05 kg accuracy by a trained professional. The patient was permitted to wear only underwear for this measurement. The information about the mean daily intake of flavonol sources was also derived from the above-described questionnaire [15 (link)].
The fasting glucose, lipid profile and creatinine level were assessed in venous blood. The patients were not allowed to eat for 12 h before the test. The blood samples were gathered by a trained nurse. The samples for glucose tests were gathered with dedicated probes (EDTA + sodium fluoride) and then measured using the enzyme (hexokinase) method with a Cobas Pro (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) analyzer. The lipid profile test samples were gathered with dedicated probes (heparinized) and then performed using colorimetric enzyme assays with a Cobas Pro (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) analyzer. Creatinine samples were gathered with dedicated probes (heparinized) and then measured using a colorimetric test based on the Jaffe method with a Cobas Pro (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) analyzer.
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