Total RNAs from tissues or cells were isolated using the miRNeasy Kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD), followed by reverse transcription and real-time quantitative RT-PCR as described in our previous publication (27 (link)). Relative quantities of miRNAs were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method (28 (link)) with U6 snRNA (Applied Biosystems) as the endogenous control. RNAs from sera were isolated with miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit in conjunction with the synthetic spike-in control (cel–miR-39 mimic; Qiagen) for internal normalization. Quantitative detection of mRNA transcripts was carried out by real-time PCR with SYBR Green PCR mix (Applied Biosystems). Results were normalized to mRNA levels of β-actin. The primers used are given in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2.