Bacterial community composition in isolated DNA samples was characterized by amplification of the V1-3 (forward, 8f:5′-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3′; reverse, 518r:5′-ATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG-3′) variable region of the 16S rRNA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as previously described (43 (link)). 16S rRNA PCR products were quantified, pooled, and purified for the sequencing reaction. Sequencing was performed on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX machine (Roche, Florence, SC, USA) by the Microbiome Core Facility in the UNC School of Medicine.