To quantify the metabolic activity of Vorganoids formed at different stages. RIPA buffer was added to lyse the Vorganoids, which were subsequently centrifuged at 4 °C for 5 min at 12000 rpm, after which the supernatant was removed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) determination. The ATP assay working solution was prepared according to the kit instructions (S0026, Beyotime, China), and an ATP standard curve was constructed. The ATP working solution (100 μL) was added to the test wells and allowed to stand for 3-5 min at room temperature to eliminate background effects. Then, an appropriate amount of sample or standard was added and mixed well. The relative light unit value was measured using a chemiluminescence metre.