The Consortium for Functional Glycomics (http://www.functionalglycomics.org/) provided glycan microarrays (v4.2) prepared as described previously 45 (link),47 (link). For galectin recognition of glycans on the printed glycan microarray, slides were incubated with 0.2 µM or 5 µM Gal-4, or 5 µM Gal-8 in TSM binding buffer + 14 mM 2-ME for 1h at room temperature in a dark humid chamber. The slide was washed by successive immersion in TSM containing 0.05% Tween 20 (4 times) and TSM (4 times). The slide was incubated with Alexa Fluor-488-streptavidin. After 1h at room temperature in a dark humid chamber, we washed the slide by successive immersion in TSM containing 0.05% Tween 20 (4 times), TSM (4 times), and water (4 times). The slide was dried by microcentrifugation and an image of bound fluorescence was obtained using a microarray scanner (Scan Array Express, PerkinElmer Lifer Sciences). Integrated spot intensities were determined using Imagene software (BioDiscovery).