Larvae were embedded in 1.5% agarose (low melting point) (Davis and Ramakrishnan, 2009 (link)). A series of z stack images with a 2 μm step size was generated through the infected HBV, using the galvo scanner (laser scanner) of the Nikon A1 confocal microscope with a 20x Plan Apo 0.75 NA objective. Bacterial burdens were determined by using the 3D surface-rendering feature of Imaris (Bitplane Scientific Software) (Yang et al., 2012 (link)).
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