Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines CaPan-1, CaPan-2, AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Hs766T, MiaPaCa-2, PANC-1, PANC-28, PANC-48, PaTu8902, FG, Colo357 and L3.7, and gastric cancer cell lines GT5 and N87 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) or obtained as described previously (21 (link)). The HCT-116 parental colorectal cells and the cells with DNA methyltransferase 1 genetic disruption (HCT-116-DT1-KO) were gifts from Dr. Bert Vogelstein (The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD). All cancer cell lines were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or otherwise described.