Doxorubicin (Dox) was purchased from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA) and functionalized with NHS-TCO-NHS linker as described below. Dox and Dox-TCO-NHS were resuspended in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, 100 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.2, working buffer) for the bioconjugation studies. Tetrazine was synthesized according to previous reports.[4c (link),14 (link)] The nanoparticles (NPs) with an average particle size of 32 nm were synthesized according to our previous reports[15 (link)] and the brief procedure described below. The modified NPs were purified using Sephadex PD-10 columns purchased from GE Healthcare (Troy, NY). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Corning Life Sciences (CellGro, Corning, NY) and supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA) and streptomycin/penicillin (Life Tech Corp., Grand Island, NY). Cy5.5-mono NHS ester was purchased from GE Healthcare and attached to the nanoparticles as described below.