Eligible patients had previously untreated advanced renal-cell carcinoma with a clear-cell component. Additional key inclusion criteria were the presence of at least one measurable lesion according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), version 1.1; age of 18 years or older; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance-status score of 0 or 1 (on a 5-point scale in which higher numbers indicate greater disability); a fresh or archival tumor specimen; and adequate renal, cardiac, and hepatic function. Patients across all Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) prognostic risk groups were included (see the Definitions of Selected Terms and End Points section in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org).15 (link),16 (link) Key exclusion criteria were active central nervous system metastases, autoimmune disease, and current or previous use of glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressants within 7 days before randomization.