Demographic and clinical variables were collected as follows: age, gender, mechanism of injury, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, motor GCS score, pupil reactivity, time to the first computed tomography (CT) scan, skull fracture, primary lesion volume, EDH, tSAH, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), midline shift, cistern compression, D-dimer, length of hospital stay (LOS), posttraumatic cerebral hydrocephalus, posttraumatic cerebral infarction, and surgical interventions including hematoma evacuation and decompressive craniectomy (DC).
All enrolled patients were dichotomized into PHI (those IPCH, EDH, SDH, and tSAH that progress) and non-PHI groups (those IPCH, EDH, SDH, and tSAH that did not progress). Within the PHI group, patients were further divided into progressive IPCH, EDH, SDH, and tSAH subgroups. For patients with TBI exhibit mixed picture of hemorrhage, the pathoanatomic type of PHI was recorded as the major proportion of hematoma/contusion. Because the events of pSDH and ptSAH were infrequent, only patients with IPCH or EDH were selected for subgroup propensity score matching (PSM) [11 (link)].
Neurological outcome was recorded using the 6-month score on the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). The 6-month GOS was split into dead (score = 1), unfavorable survival (2 or 3), and favorable survival (4 or 5). All data were collected by regular outpatient follow-up or telephone interview.