Six self-assembling monolayer materials were studied. The chosen materials are based on a carbazole core with an attached phosphonic acid anchoring group (see Figure 4) that binds to indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, carbon, and methoxy as terminal groups. The synthesis procedure of these SAMs has been published previously [24 (link),25 (link),28 (link)].
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