Saliva specimens were collected for NICU-HEALTH participants in the morning and afternoon on a single day each week during the NICU stay. Collections were conducted by trained study staff. The methods of sample collection, storage, and cortisol measurement have been described previously18 (link). In brief, saliva specimens were collected using a cotton swab (SalivaBio Infant Swab, Salimetrics) placed in the infant’s mouth for 2–5 min until the cotton swab was saturated. The swab was then centrifuged at 4,000 rotations per minute for 30 min, and extracted saliva was aliquotted to storage vials and frozen at −80 °C pending batch analysis. Saliva specimens were sent frozen to the Technical University of Dresden for cortisol measurement using a commercially available chemiluminescence assay38 –39 (link).