Benzyl alcohol (99.9%), phosphoric acid (H3PO4, 85%), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), PEG-6000, cyclohexane, titanium dioxide (TiO2, hydrophilic, 100 nm), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5, 99.9%), molybdenum trioxide (MoO3, 99.95%), tungsten trioxide (WO3, 99.9%), bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3, 99.9%), and acetic acid (99.5%) were purchased in AR. The commercial HCHO solution (37%) contained 10% methanol as a stabilizer.
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