To biotinylate the protein backbone of mucin, 100 μL of 100 mM N-biotinyl-6-aminocaproic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (BNHS) (Tokyo Chemical Industry) in dimethylsulfoxide and 150 μL of PBS were added to 250 μL of 5% (w/v) PGM stock solution. After incubation for 4 hr at room temperature, unreacted biotin was separated from the biotinylated mucin using a Zeba spin desalting column equilibrated with 50 mM sodium bicarbonate (pH 9.6). The eluate was collected to give a final concentration of 25 mg/mL and stored at 4°C until use.