Four diets were used in this study, all of which were based on a semi-purified AIN-93G diet that was modified to contain the test ingredient. Importantly, control (no test ingredient added) and experimental diets were isocaloric, isonitrogenous, and contained equal amounts of dietary lipid and carbohydrate. A detailed dietary composition and ingredient list is provided in Table 1 .
Diets contained either 10% (wt/wt) whole grain FS, a dose selected based on our previous studies (7 (link), 8 (link)), or flaxseed lignan complex added to 2 different concentrations (10 and 20%). These concentrations reflected amounts of the FS lignan SDG comparable to those in 10 and 20% wholegrain FS diets. Analytical evaluation of the SDG content in wholegrain was performed at the School of Food Systems, University of South Dakota.
Specifically, for formulating the FLC diets, the semi-purified AIN-93G diet was supplemented with 0.337% and 0.674% (wt/wt) FLC powder. The FLC enriched in the lignan SDG (35% SDG content) was kindly provided by Archer Daniels Midland Inc., (ADM, IL). Flaxseed lignan complex was analyzed prior to incorporation in the diets and found to contain negligible amounts of vitamin E. Specifically, it contained <0.003 mg total tocopherol/g of FLC and <0.000024 mg alpha-tocopherol/g of FLC. The study diets used corn oil that was tocopherol-stripped to ensure that all diets contained an adequate but equal amount of vitamin E (75 IU/kg).
Mice were maintained on control (0% FS) or treatment (10% FS, 10 and 20% FLC) diets given ad libitum for three weeks prior to irradiation and for the entire duration of the experiment, unless otherwise noted in the text. This timeframe was determined by mass-spectroscopic evaluation of murine plasma to be optimal for circulating levels of FS lignan metabolites (28 (link)).
Diets contained either 10% (wt/wt) whole grain FS, a dose selected based on our previous studies (7 (link), 8 (link)), or flaxseed lignan complex added to 2 different concentrations (10 and 20%). These concentrations reflected amounts of the FS lignan SDG comparable to those in 10 and 20% wholegrain FS diets. Analytical evaluation of the SDG content in wholegrain was performed at the School of Food Systems, University of South Dakota.
Specifically, for formulating the FLC diets, the semi-purified AIN-93G diet was supplemented with 0.337% and 0.674% (wt/wt) FLC powder. The FLC enriched in the lignan SDG (35% SDG content) was kindly provided by Archer Daniels Midland Inc., (ADM, IL). Flaxseed lignan complex was analyzed prior to incorporation in the diets and found to contain negligible amounts of vitamin E. Specifically, it contained <0.003 mg total tocopherol/g of FLC and <0.000024 mg alpha-tocopherol/g of FLC. The study diets used corn oil that was tocopherol-stripped to ensure that all diets contained an adequate but equal amount of vitamin E (75 IU/kg).
Mice were maintained on control (0% FS) or treatment (10% FS, 10 and 20% FLC) diets given ad libitum for three weeks prior to irradiation and for the entire duration of the experiment, unless otherwise noted in the text. This timeframe was determined by mass-spectroscopic evaluation of murine plasma to be optimal for circulating levels of FS lignan metabolites (28 (link)).
