Western blot analysis was performed as previously described (Jang et al., 2018 (link)). The cells were lysed in lysis buffer [25 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 250 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), 5 mM EDTA, 1% Nonidet P-40 (NP-40), 100 μg/mL phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich)]. The same amount of protein was denatured by boiling at 100°C for 5 min in the sample buffer (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). Total proteins were separated using 8-12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were probed with primary antibodies overnight, incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and then visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) detection system (GE Healthcare Life Sciences).