U343, U87, U87ΔEGFR, LN229, Gli36 EGFR-H2B-RFP, X12 human glioma cells and Vero cells were maintained as described (20 (link)–22 (link)). Mouse monoclonal anti-chondroitin-4-sulfate antibody (clone BE-123, MP Biomedicals Inc, Aurora, OH) was used to probe for Chase functionality. Tumor bearing sections were labeled with Wisteria floribunda lectin (WFL, Vector Labs Inc., Burlingame, CA), anti vimentin (clone SP20, Lab Vision, Fremont, CA). Oncolytic viruses rHsvQ, rHsvQLuc and rQNestin34.5 have been previously described (23 (link)–24 (link)). Genomic DNA from Proteus vulgaris (ATCC number 9920D) was used as template to clone Chase-ABC-I cDNA as described (25 (link)). The PCR product was sub-cloned into pSecTag/FRT/V5 His-Topo vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and used to generate OV-Chase as previously described (24 (link)). Cytotoxicity of viruses was assessed by a standard crystal violet assay (26 (link)).