HepG2 cells were seeded in a 24-well culture plate. Plasmids of pGL3 basic or pGL3 basic-ARHGEF16 (0.75 µg) and pUB6/V5-HisB-Gli1 (0.25 µg), mixed with 0.025 µg pRL-TK-luc, were co-transfected into the cells using Lipofectamine™ 3000 transfection reagent (L3000015, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The ARHGEF16 gene is a downstream target of Gli2 (8 (link)). This was conducted in triplicate, according to the manufacturer's instructions. After a 48-h transfection, the cells were treated with different concentrations of CH for 6 h. Cell lysates were extracted, and luciferase activity was measured using the Luciferase Report Assay System (E1910, Promega, Corp.).