SK-N-AS and SK-N-SH (NB cell lines), and HS-5 (a human bone marrow stromal cell line immortalized by transduction with the human papilloma virus E6/E7 genes) cells were from the ATCC (Manassas, VA). The NB cell line NB1691 was provided by Dr. Houghton (Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH). NB1691 cell line was authenticated using the “CellCheck” service provided by the Research Animal Diagnostic Laboratory and compared with initial short tandem repeat profile generated by the collaborator (IDEXX BioResearch). Cells were cultured as described earlier [50 (link)]. Primary human fetal astrocytes were obtained from preterm abortions as previously described with institutional review board approval, and h-TERT–immortalized primary human fetal astrocytes (IM-PHFAs) were produced and cultured as described [13 (link), 51 (link)]. The cumulative culture length of the cells was less than 6 months after recovery. Early passage cells were used for all experiments. All cell lines were frequently tested for mycoplasma contamination using a mycoplasma detection kit from Sigma.