Potential confounders of the relation between schizophrenia and the outcomes were maternal age, parity, neighbourhood income quintile, urban or rural region of residence, and calendar year at the time of the index delivery, as well as maternal substance use disorders and ED visits for interpersonal violence in the 2 years before conception. We considered participants with no postal code to be unstably housed, and therefore assigned them to the lowest income quintile. To describe the cohort, we also recorded nonpsychotic psychiatric diagnoses (including mood disorders and anxiety disorders) and maternal chronic medical conditions (including asthma, congestive heart failure, HIV, hypertension, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis) present before pregnancy;33 (link),34 (link) however, we did not consider these covariates to be confounders as their development or exacerbation may be a result of ongoing interpersonal violence, and thus may be a proxy for the outcome.35 (link)