The UCSD Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol #S00227M) approved all animal protocols and procedures. Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice aged 8–10 weeks were purchased from Jackson Labs. Epithelial tissue-specific and myeloid-specific knockouts of HIF-1α was accomplished by back-crossing C57Bl/6 HIF-1αfl/fl mice (Jackson Laboratory, Stock No. 007561) with K14cre+ (epithelial cell specific, Jackson Laboratory, Stock No. 004782) or LysMcre+ transgenic mice (myeloid lineage, Jackson Laboratory, Stock No. 004781). Cre-negative HIF-1αfl/fl littermates were used as controls for all experiments [25 (link), 32 (link), 39 (link)]. To ensure statistical power in compliance with ethical guidelines, at least 5 mice per group were used. Treatment groups were assigned randomly and housed in separate cages. Mice were allowed to eat and drink ad libitum.