To assess post-stenosis venous blood flow, we used a laser speckle contrast imager (moorFLPI-2 from Moor instruments), which provides real-time, high-resolution blood flow images, as described.[18 (link)] Briefly, mice were anesthetized using isoflurane (2.5% induction, 1 % maintenance), and an incision was made to visualize IVC at the ligation site. Speckle imaging was obtained using a temporal filter (250 frames, 10 secs/frame) at 0.1 Hz at baseline, during stenosis, and 4-hour post-stenosis. Blood fluxes were measured in the pre-stenosis regions, and fluxes were expressed in arbitrary units using a 12-color palette. The representative image for each group was selected based upon the mean value.