The samples were centrifuged and the supernatants were diluted five to ten times before HPLC analysis. An Agilent 1100 series HPLC (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) coupled with an Agilent ZORBAX 80A Extend-C18 column was used for detection of furfural and furfuryl alcohol. HPLC parameters were as follows: solvent A, water; solvent B, acetonitrile; 5% B for 15 minutes, then 100% B for 5 minutes, followed by 5% B for 5 minutes; flow rate 1 mL/minute; detection by UV spectroscopy at 277 nm (furfural) or 210 nm (furfuryl alcohol). Under such conditions, furfural and furfuryl alcohol were eluted at 6.7 minutes and 5.6 minutes, respectively. An HPLC system equipped with a refractive index detector (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD, USA) was used to analyze the concentrations of glucose and ethanol in the broth. To separate glucose and ethanol, an HPX-87H column (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) was used as described
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