The serum concentrations of TNFR1, TNFR2, and PGRN were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (cat. # DRT100, DRT200, DPGRN0; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) as previously described [26 (link), 27 (link)]. Serum levels of IL-6 were analyzed using a commercial chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (SRL, Tokyo, Japan). The serum CRP was measured through nephelometry, a latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (QUALIGENT CRP; Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at our institution.
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