CD8+ T cells were negatively selected using RosetteSep Human CD8+ T Cell Enrichment Cocktail (Stemcell). Afterward, naive CD8+ T cells (CD8+CD45RA+CD45RO) were isolated by FACS to 91.0 ± 2.5% purity (Aria III; BD Biosciences). Lentiviral transduction with vectors containing TCR expression constructs pCCL.IGRPopt.eGFP recognizing the autoantigen IGRP (29 (link),34 (link)) or LV.Mart1.TCR.RK recognizing the non–β-cell antigen MART1 (27 (link),35 ) and subsequent T-cell expansion were carried out as outlined in Supplementary Fig. 1. CTL avatars were cryopreserved after 9 days of expansion.