HOIL-1L-6xHIS and HOIP-K1056R-6xHIS were cloned into the pET-duet-1 vector, expressed in BL21(DE3) RIPL bacteria (Agilent Technologies), and purified from cultures as previously described (5 (link)). HOIP-Cterm (amino acids 699 to 1072), E1 (Ube1), E2 (UbcH5c), and ubiquitin were purchased from Boston Biochem. In vitro linear-ubiquitination assay mixtures contained 200 ng E1, 400 ng E2, 1 µg HOIL-1L/HOIP-6xHIS purification prep, 20 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 5 mM MgCl2, 2 mM Mg-ATP (Boston Biochem), and 10 µg ubiquitin. Assay mixtures were incubated for various times at 37°C, and reactions were stopped by adding LDS (lithium dodecyl sulfate) sample buffer (Life Technologies) and heating at 70°C for 10 min.