To induce SG formation in cell cultures, sodium arsenite (NaAsO 2 , Sigma-Aldrich S7400) was added to the media at final concentrations of 250 or 500 μM and incubated for 30 minutes. For ex vivo retinal SG induction, eyeballs were dissected and subjected to intravitreal injection with 2 μl of 50 mM arsenite or vehicle (sterile MQ H 2 O), followed by a 30-minute incubation at 37°C in 10% FBS-DMEM.
Subsequently, the eyes were fixed and processed for IHC.