Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed as per prior study protocols [15 (link), 32 (link)]. Colonies from a 24-h incubation on Columbia Blood Agar (CBA) were suspended in 0.85% saline solution to a 0.5 McFarland standard and spread on the Mueller-Hinton Blood Agar (MHBA) plates. The following antimicrobial discs (from Oxoid, Nepean, Ontario) were used: penicillin G (P, 10 U), ceftriaxone (CRO, 30 μg), ceftazidime (CAZ, 30 μg), azithromycin (AZM, 15 μg), erythromycin (E, 15 μg), clindamycin (CDA, 2 μg), and levofloxacin (LEV, 15 μg). After a 24-h incubation, zones of clearance were measured and resistance was assigned in accordance to breakpoints as provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) [33 ]. The “D-test” for inducible clindamycin resistance was performed.
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