Serum fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), free fatty acids (FFAs), lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], uric acid (UA), and high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured by routine automated laboratory methods. Serum insulin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and leptin levels were measured by ELISA kits (CEA448Ra, CEC918Ra, CEA804Mi, CEB067Ra, and SEA084Ra, Wuhan USCN Business Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) following the instructions of the manufacturers. The coefficients of variation for intraassay of insulin, FGF21, GLP1, PYY, and leptin were 2.9, 3.1, 2.0, 1.9, and 3.0%, respectively. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated according to the following formula: fasting serum insulin (pmol/L) × FBG (mmol/L)/135 (Yan et al., 2017 (link)).
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