Protein Quantification and Visualization

Protein concentrations were determined by the densitometry of bands on SDS-PAGE gels stained with Coomassie Blue R-250 using carbonic anhydrase as a standard and a ChemiDoc MP imaging system (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Fluorescent proteins were detected by direct in‐gel fluorescence imaging using the same ChemiDoc imaging system. Alexa532 and Alexa647 concentrations were determined using ε₅₃₁ = 81,000 cm⁻¹ M⁻¹ and ε₆₅₀ = 270,000 cm⁻¹ M⁻¹, respectively. Western blot bands were visualized by chemiluminescence using the Clarity Max Western blotting kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and the ChemiDoc imaging system. IMV concentrations were determined as the A₂₈₀ in 2% SDS [1 (link)]. All error bars are standard deviations.