LFAs were performed with luminescent up-converting reporter particles (UCP) as a sensitive background-free label for quantitative detection of targeted analytes (Corstjens et al., 2003 (link), 2005 (link); Zuiderwijk et al., 2003 (link)). UCP nanomaterials (200 nm NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ particles, functionalized with carboxyl groups) were obtained from Intelligent Material Solutions Inc. (Princeton, New Jersey, United States). UCP conjugates were prepared with goat anti-human IgM (I0759, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, United States) at a concentration of 50 μg antibody per mg UCP according to the method described previously (Bobosha et al., 2014 (link); Corstjens et al., 2019 (link)).
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