Covariates were retrieved from baseline (2002–2003). Sex and age were included, and income levels were divided into quartiles, from Q1 (lowest income) to Q4 (highest income).
Behavioral risk factors were measured, including smoking status, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol consumption. Smoking status was categorized into three groups: non-smoker, former smoker, and current smoker. BMI was classified as underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23–24.9 kg/m2), and obesity (≥25 kg/m2), according to the World Health Organization (WHO) obesity standard for the Asian population [17 (link)]. Alcohol consumption was classified into the following groups: rarely drinking, 2–3 times/month, 1–2 times/week, 3–4 times/week, and almost every day. Additionally, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was also calculated for inpatients using ICD-10 codes [18 (link)].
Behavioral risk factors were measured, including smoking status, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol consumption. Smoking status was categorized into three groups: non-smoker, former smoker, and current smoker. BMI was classified as underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23–24.9 kg/m2), and obesity (≥25 kg/m2), according to the World Health Organization (WHO) obesity standard for the Asian population [17 (link)]. Alcohol consumption was classified into the following groups: rarely drinking, 2–3 times/month, 1–2 times/week, 3–4 times/week, and almost every day. Additionally, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was also calculated for inpatients using ICD-10 codes [18 (link)].
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