Ixodes ricinus larvae, nymphs and adults were obtained from the breeding facility of the Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences. To prepare infected I. ricinus nymphs, the larvae were fed on B. afzelii CB43 infected mice and allowed to moult to nymphs. Nymphs were considered to be infected if greater than 90% of them were PCR positive (for details, see [24 (link)]). Inbred, pathogen-free C3H/HeN mice (Jackson Laboratory, Germany) were used for the pathogen transmission experiment.
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