CSF was collected in polypropylene tubes and was immediately analyzed for routine CSF parameters within 1 hour after lumbar puncture. Cell count and analysis of routine parameters was done as earlier described.18 (link) For measurement of neurodegeneration markers, CSF was frozen within 1 hour after lumbar puncture and stored at −80° until analysis. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to determine the concentrations of CSF NfL (IBL, Hamburg, Germany) and pNfH (Biovendor, Heidelberg, Germany).11 (link),12 A total of 50 CSF and 50 serum samples of 25 SMA patients, and 25 CSF and 25 serum samples of 25 controls were analyzed.