The glufosinate-resistant (R) E. indica sub-population derived from a multiple herbicide resistance population and a glufosinate-susceptible (S) population (Jalaludin et al., 2015) were used in this study.
The R population was further purified by treating four-leaf stage plants with glufosinate (Basta, 200 g L -1 , SC; Bayer CropScience) at 990 g ha -1 (2x recommended field rate). Glufosinate was applied using an in-house cabinet sprayer delivering 118 L ha -1 at 200 kPa with a speed of 1 m s -1 . Plants were grown in a glasshouse during the summer season at the University of Western Australia (Perth, Australia).
Surviving individuals (eight plants), together with eight untreated plants from the S population, were separately bulked up for seeds and progeny plants were used for subsequent experiments.
In addition, E. indica seeds were collected from 18 field populations (complaint and random samples) from Guangdong province, South China (Table 1), as well as a known glufosinatesusceptible population (referred to as S1) with no glufosinate exposure history. Seedlings were grown outdoors in pots contining autoclaved field soil during the summer growing season at the Academy of Guangdong Agricultural Sciences (Guangzhou, China). At the four-to five-leaf stage, seedlings (40 seedlings per population) were treated with glufosinate (990 g ha -1 ) in a laboratory sprayer delivering 270 mL min -1 at 0.3 MPa with a speed of 0.4 m s -1 (model ASS-4. Beijing, China). Plant survival was determined three weeks after treatment and the experiment was repeated.
The R population was further purified by treating four-leaf stage plants with glufosinate (Basta, 200 g L -1 , SC; Bayer CropScience) at 990 g ha -1 (2x recommended field rate). Glufosinate was applied using an in-house cabinet sprayer delivering 118 L ha -1 at 200 kPa with a speed of 1 m s -1 . Plants were grown in a glasshouse during the summer season at the University of Western Australia (Perth, Australia).
Surviving individuals (eight plants), together with eight untreated plants from the S population, were separately bulked up for seeds and progeny plants were used for subsequent experiments.
In addition, E. indica seeds were collected from 18 field populations (complaint and random samples) from Guangdong province, South China (Table 1), as well as a known glufosinatesusceptible population (referred to as S1) with no glufosinate exposure history. Seedlings were grown outdoors in pots contining autoclaved field soil during the summer growing season at the Academy of Guangdong Agricultural Sciences (Guangzhou, China). At the four-to five-leaf stage, seedlings (40 seedlings per population) were treated with glufosinate (990 g ha -1 ) in a laboratory sprayer delivering 270 mL min -1 at 0.3 MPa with a speed of 0.4 m s -1 (model ASS-4. Beijing, China). Plant survival was determined three weeks after treatment and the experiment was repeated.
