The GIC lines were established by isolating neurosphere-forming cells from fresh surgical specimens of human GBM tissue between the years of 2005 through 2008, as described previously (18 (link)). Cells were authenticated by testing short tandem repeats (STR) using the Applied Biosystems AmpFISTR Identifier kit (Foster City, CA). The last authentication testing was done in March 2014. This study was approved by the institutional review board of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, Texas). These GBM neurospheres were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing B27 supplement (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), basic fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor (20 ng/ml each). The PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor BEZ235 was from Selleck (Houston, Texas), DS-7423 was provided by Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), and PD-0325901 was from Selleck (Houston, Texas). For in vitro use, all inhibitors were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO).