Eligibility Criteria for Invasive Ventilation

Patients became eligible when they were first documented to be receiving oxygen with inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) of 0.4 or more via non-rebreather mask, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV), or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), within 24 h of ICU admission. We excluded patients with prior invasive ventilation during the same ICU admission, goals of care precluding invasive ventilation, ICU admission from the operating room, or a tracheostomy. Patients were also excluded when equipoise was less certain at the moment of eligibility, defined as a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) motor component of less than 4, or a partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) of 60 or more with pH of 7.20 or less [33 (link)]. Patients were not excluded if these characteristics developed during the follow-up period, after initial inclusion. Wherever oxygen flow was available but FiO2 was not (for example, non-rebreather masks), FiO2 was estimated using the validated equation: FiO2 = 0.21 + (oxygen flow in liters per minute)*0.03 [34 (link)]. Further details are available in Additional file 1: (§4, Table e2).

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Yarnell C.J., Angriman F., Ferreyro B.L., Liu K., De Grooth H.J., Burry L., Munshi L., Mehta S., Celi L., Elbers P., Thoral P., Brochard L., Wunsch H., Fowler R.A., Sung L, & Tomlinson G. (2023). Oxygenation thresholds for invasive ventilation in hypoxemic respiratory failure: a target trial emulation in two cohorts. Critical Care, 27, 67.

Publication 2023

Carbon dioxide Eligibility Equipoise Goals of care Nasal cannula Oxygen Partial pressure Patients Positive pressure ventilation Tracheostomy

Corresponding Organization : University of Toronto

Other organizations : Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Sinai Health System, University Health Network, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences

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Variable analysis

independent variables

Oxygen delivery method (non-rebreather mask, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV), or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC))

dependent variables

Patients' eligibility for the study

control variables

Patients with prior invasive ventilation during the same ICU admission
Patients with goals of care precluding invasive ventilation
Patients admitted from the operating room
Patients with a tracheostomy
Patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) motor component of less than 4
Patients with a partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) of 60 or more and pH of 7.20 or less

notes

No positive or negative controls were explicitly mentioned in the provided information.

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