Mouse uncarboxylated OCN was purified from BL21 transformed with pGEX2TK-mOCN as previously described (Lee et al., 2007 (link); Ferron et al., 2010a (link); Oury et al., 2011 (link), 2013 (link); Mera et al., 2016 (link)). In brief, GST-OCN fusion protein was bacterially produced in BL21 pLyS transformed with pGEX2TK-mOCN after induction with IPTG. Cells were collected in lysis buffer (PBS 1×, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2, 2 mM EDTA, 1% Triton, and 1× protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail; 78443; Thermo Fisher Scientific). Following four freeze-thaw cycles and sonication, lysates were cleared by centrifugation. The supernatant was incubated with glutathione-Sepharose 4B (17075601; GE) for 4 h at 4°C. Following six washes with washing buffer (PBS 1× and 1% Triton) and with PBS 1×, OCN was then cleaved out from the GST moiety by using thrombin (27-0846-01; GE). Four fractions were collected, and each of them was incubated with benzamidine Sepharose (17-5123-10; GE) for 30 min at room temperature to remove thrombin.