E2F1+/+ and E2F1−/− mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). C57BL/6 (WT), SHP−/− (SKO), SHP non-transgenic control (NC), hepatocyte specific SHP transgenic (STG), FXR−/− mice were described previously (14 (link), 21 (link), 22 (link)). The treatment of mice with DDC supplemented diet, bile duct ligation (BDL), and FXR synthetic ligand GW4064 has been described previously (19 (link), 20 (link), 22 (link)). Protocols for animal use were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Kansas Medical Center and University of Utah.