Total protein was isolated from cultured primary chondrocytes, MSCs, or HEK293 cells after transfection using RIPA buffer supplemented with proteinase inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich). Western blotting was performed as previously described47 (link), using anti-FLAG tag (M2, Sigma-Aldrich), anti-myc tag (TA150121, Origene), anti-HA (ab18181, Abcam), anti-Col1a1 (ab34710, Abcam), anti-Rankl (ab45039, Abcam), or anti-Gapdh (ab9485, Abcam) antibodies. All uncropped images were provided in the Supplementary data.
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