After 24-h incubation with samples in 96-well plates, the following cytokines production from each well containing 10,000 cells was analyzed: interleukin (IL)-6; IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF); granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine (LIX; CXCL5); monocyte chemotactic activating factor (MCP)-1; macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, RANTES (CCL5; regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10; CXCL10); and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Cytokines were measured using a Luminex assay based on xMAP technology with multiplex cytokine assay kits and a Bio-Plex 200 suspension array system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), as described previously [4 (link),5 (link),6 (link),7 (link),8 (link),9 (link)]. The assay used in this experiment was designed for the multiplexed quantitative measurement of multiple cytokines in a single well, using as little as 50 µL of cell culture supernatant. Baicalein, a well-known anti-inflammatory flavonoid, was used as a positive control.
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