Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed as previously described (Liu et al., 2021 (link); Liu et al., 2022 (link)). Briefly, total RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, United States) and concentration was measured using NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, United States). Then RNA was reversely transcribed into cDNA using Color Reverse Transcription Kit (EZBioscience, United States), and qPCR was performed on Bio-Rad CFX-96 (Bio-Rad, United States) with Color SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (EZBioscience, United States). The 2^-△CT value was calculated and the distal 2^-△CT value was divided by the proximal 2^-△CT value, and the results were normalized. The qPCR primers used in the study are listed in Supplementary Table S1.
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