Mouse hearts were perfused and digested with collagenase II (10,000 U/mL, Worthington, CLS-2) to release immune cells using a gentleMACs Dissociator. Immune cells were isolated using MACs magnetic microbeads for CD11b or CD45 (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA). Trizol Reagent and the PureLink Micro-to-Midi system (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) were used for purification of RNA from total hearts or immune cells. Human RNA was isolated from heart biopsies of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks from patients with histology-verified myocarditis. Human RNA was processed using a PureLink FFPE RNA Isolation Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) of gene expression was measured using Assay-on-Demand probe sets (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) or RT2qPCR Primer Assay (Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands) and reactions analyzed using the ABI 7000 Taqman system, as previously [13 (link), 21 (link)]. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) was used for normalization.