The Pro12Ala single nucleotide polymorphism in the study participants was genotyped at the Broad Institute (Cambridge, Massachusetts) using the Affymetrix GeneChip SNP Array 6.0® and the Birdseed calling algorithm17 (link). These data were extensively quality-controlled according to accepted standards18 (link), including checks for genetic outliers via average identity-by-state statistics and EIGENSTRAT-generated principal components19 (link). The Pro12Ala (rs1801282) variant was directly measured; we imputed the genotypes for missing values (≤5% of the sample) by exploiting a scaffold containing all variants with ethnic-specific missing rates ≤0.05, minor allele frequencies≥0.01, and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium tests >10−5. After pre-phasing with ShapeIt (v1.r532), we employed IMPUTE2 and the 1,000 Genomes haplotypes-Phase I integrated variant set release (v3) reference panel (NCBI Build 37) to impute the missing genotypes20 (link), 21 (link).