Cells were seeded on cover slips at least 2 days prior to irradiation and were fixed in 70% EtOH for 10 min at the indicated time points after exposure. Cells were permeabilised in 0.2% Triton-X in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with anti-phospho-Histone H2AX antibody Ser139 (Upstate/Millipore) followed by secondary anti-mouse IgG fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) (Sigma-Aldrich), both in PBS containing 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Coverslips were counterstained using DAPI and mounted on an objective glass in Vectashield. Photos were taken, and the total number of γH2AX foci per cell was scored in 50 cells per treatment and experiment using a macro for ImageJ version 1.43u, as previously described [30 (link)].
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