ROS generation in cells was measured using ESR, as previously described (19 (link)). Briefly, 106 cells were seeded on a glass cover slide (49.0×5.0×0.2 mm) and incubated overnight as previously described. Cells were treated with 0 or 1,000 µM TP4O for 15 min. ESR was measured in a respiration buffer containing 10 mM DMPO as the spin-trapping agent. All ESR spectra were obtained using a JES-RE1X X-band spectrometer (JEOL, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).